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A
penal colony is a
colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. The most well known was
Devil's Island in
French Guiana. The
British Empire used its colonies in North America for almost 150 years and then parts of Australia for a further 75 years.
Generalities
The prison regime was often harsh, sometimes including severe physical punishment, so even if prisoners were not sentenced for the rest of their natural lives, many died from hunger, disease, medical neglect and excessive efforts, or during an escape attempt.
In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to prevent escape and to discourage returning after their sentence expired. Penal Colonies were often located in frontier lands, especially the more inhospitable parts, where their unpaid labour could benefit the metropoles before
immigrant labor became available, or even afterwards where they are much cheaper; in fact sometimes people (especially the poor, following a similar social logic as could see them domestically 'employed' in a poorhouse) were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor.
British Empire
The
Kingdom of Great Britain used North America as a penal colony both in the usual sense and through the system of
indentured servitude. Most notably, the Province of Georgia was originally designed as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private sector merchants and auctioned off to plantation owners upon arrival in the colonies. It is estimated that some 60,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America, representing perhaps one-quarter of all British emigrants during the eighteenth century.
When that avenue closed in the 1780s after the
American Revolutionary War, Britain began using parts of modern day Australia as penal colonies. Some of these early colonies were Norfolk Island,
Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. Advocates of
Ireland Home Rule or of
Trade Unionism (the Tolpuddle Martyrs) often received Sentence (law)s of deportation to these Australian colonies.
In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies. Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and
Hijli.
Elsewhere
- France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies. Devil's Island in French Guiana, 1852 - 1939, received forgers and other criminals. New Caledonia in Melanesia (in the South Sea) received dissidents like the Communards, Kabyles du Pacifique as well as convicted criminals.
- In Ecuador, the Island of San Cristobál (in the Galapagos archipelago) was used as a penal colony 1869 - 1904.
- Both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union used Siberia as a penal colony for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. In 1857, a penal colony was established on the island of Sakhalin. The Gulag and its tsarist predecessor, the katorga system, provided slave-type penal labor to develop forestry, logging and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and railroads across Siberia.
- The Netherlands had a penal colony since the late 1800s. A town called Veenhuizen (Noordenveld), originally set up to "re-educate" vagrants from the large cities in the west like Amsterdam, by a private company; it was taken over by the Department of Justice to be turned into a collection of prison buildings. The town is located in the least populated province of Drenthe in the north of the country, isolated in the middle of a vast area of peat and marshland.
- Currently in Mexico, the island of María Madre (in the Islas Marías) is used as a Islas Marías Federal Prison. With a small population (less than 1200), the colony is governed by a state official who is both the governor of the islands and chief judge. The military command is independent of the government and is exercised by an officer of the Mexican Navy. The other islands are uninhabited.
- Tarrafal camp was a Portugal penal colony in the Cape Verde Islands, set up by the head of the Portuguese government, António de Oliveira Salazar, before WWII (1936) where anti-fascist opponents of this right-wing regime were sent. At least 32 Anarchists, Communists and other opponents of Salazar's regime died in that camp. The camp was closed in 1954 but was re-opened in the 1970s to jail African leaders fighting Portuguese colonialism.
Fiction
The concept of remote and inhospitable prison
planets has been employed by science fiction writers. Famous examples include:
- List of Star Wars planets (K-L), a prison planet which specialized in spice mining in the Star Wars universe.
- Robert Sheckley's Omega (novel)
- Salusa Secundus in Frank Herbert's Dune (novel),
- Fiorina 'Fury' 161, the penal colony in Alien³ that was an abandoned leadworks,
- The CoDominium series of Jerry Pournelle showed several planets, such as Tanith, War World and Sparta, that were used as dumping grounds for criminals and dissidents,
- Rura Penthe, a Klingon colony where prisoners mine Dilithium (Star Trek) in the Star Trek universe,
- The Doctor Who serial Frontier in Space features a Moon penal colony in the 26th century; a lunar penal colony of the 2002nd century is also mentioned in the episode "Bad Wolf",
- In several episodes the TV series Stargate SG-1, whole planets are used as penal colonies, generally by the goa'uld, e.g. Hadante in episode 25 (season 2)
- Crematoria (Fictional Planet) is the sun scorched prison planet in The Chronicles of Riddick,
- "Hawksbill Station" by Robert Silverberg is a 1970 novel where political prisoners are sent to the pre-Cambrian period via a one-way time travel machine.
- The Moon in Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
- The planet A Planet Named Shayol appears in Cordwainer Smith's stories.
- In episode 1-2 Trust of the Starhunter series, the planet Mercury (planet) is a fully automation prison.
A
penal colony is a
colony used to detain
prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a
prison farm. The most well known was Devil's Island in
French Guiana. The British Empire used its colonies in
North America for almost 150 years and then parts of
Australia for a further 75 years.
Generalities
The prison regime was often harsh, sometimes including severe
physical punishment, so even if prisoners were not sentenced for the rest of their natural lives, many died from hunger, disease, medical neglect and excessive efforts, or during an escape attempt.
In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to prevent escape and to discourage returning after their sentence expired. Penal Colonies were often located in frontier lands, especially the more inhospitable parts, where their unpaid labour could benefit the metropoles before immigrant labor became available, or even afterwards where they are much cheaper; in fact sometimes people (especially the poor, following a similar social logic as could see them domestically 'employed' in a
poorhouse) were sentenced for trivial or dubious offenses to generate cheap labor.
British Empire
The Kingdom of Great Britain used North America as a penal colony both in the usual sense and through the system of indentured servitude. Most notably, the
Province of Georgia was originally designed as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private sector merchants and auctioned off to plantation owners upon arrival in the colonies. It is estimated that some 60,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America, representing perhaps one-quarter of all British emigrants during the eighteenth century.
When that avenue closed in the 1780s after the American Revolutionary War, Britain began using parts of modern day Australia as penal colonies. Some of these early colonies were Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. Advocates of Ireland
Home Rule or of Trade Unionism (the Tolpuddle Martyrs) often received
Sentence (law)s of deportation to these Australian colonies.
In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies. Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and
Hijli.
Elsewhere
- France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies. Devil's Island in French Guiana, 1852 - 1939, received forgers and other criminals. New Caledonia in Melanesia (in the South Sea) received dissidents like the Communards, Kabyles du Pacifique as well as convicted criminals.
- In Ecuador, the Island of San Cristobál (in the Galapagos archipelago) was used as a penal colony 1869 - 1904.
- Both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union used Siberia as a penal colony for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. In 1857, a penal colony was established on the island of Sakhalin. The Gulag and its tsarist predecessor, the katorga system, provided slave-type penal labor to develop forestry, logging and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and railroads across Siberia.
- The Netherlands had a penal colony since the late 1800s. A town called Veenhuizen (Noordenveld), originally set up to "re-educate" vagrants from the large cities in the west like Amsterdam, by a private company; it was taken over by the Department of Justice to be turned into a collection of prison buildings. The town is located in the least populated province of Drenthe in the north of the country, isolated in the middle of a vast area of peat and marshland.
- Currently in Mexico, the island of María Madre (in the Islas Marías) is used as a Islas Marías Federal Prison. With a small population (less than 1200), the colony is governed by a state official who is both the governor of the islands and chief judge. The military command is independent of the government and is exercised by an officer of the Mexican Navy. The other islands are uninhabited.
- Tarrafal camp was a Portugal penal colony in the Cape Verde Islands, set up by the head of the Portuguese government, António de Oliveira Salazar, before WWII (1936) where anti-fascist opponents of this right-wing regime were sent. At least 32 Anarchists, Communists and other opponents of Salazar's regime died in that camp. The camp was closed in 1954 but was re-opened in the 1970s to jail African leaders fighting Portuguese colonialism.
Fiction
- In the Penal Colony is a short story by Franz Kafka upon which the movie Colonia penal, La (1970) is based.
- More than one of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series, including Desolation Island and The Nutmeg of Consolation include scenes set in and around New South Wales.
- "For the Term of His Natural Life" by Marcus Clarke is a 19th Century novel dealing with the main characters deportation to the Port Arthur, Tasmania penal colony in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia in 1830. There are several movie versions, such as the 1983 TV movie starring Colin Friels.
- "Morgan's Run" by Colleen McCullough is a 20th Century novel dealing with the main characters deportation to the Australian penal colony.
- "Our Country's Good" a play by Timberlake Wertenbaker, focuses on the story of deportees to a penal colony.
- "Papillon (autobiography)" is the title of Henri Charriere's 20th Century inautobiographical novel concerning a Frenchman interned on a penal colony in French Guiana, and the 1973 Papillon (film) directed by Franklin J. Schaffner.
The concept of remote and inhospitable prison planets has been employed by science fiction writers. Famous examples include:
- List of Star Wars planets (K-L), a prison planet which specialized in spice mining in the Star Wars universe.
- Robert Sheckley's Omega (novel)
- Salusa Secundus in Frank Herbert's Dune (novel),
- Fiorina 'Fury' 161, the penal colony in Alien³ that was an abandoned leadworks,
- The CoDominium series of Jerry Pournelle showed several planets, such as Tanith, War World and Sparta, that were used as dumping grounds for criminals and dissidents,
- Rura Penthe, a Klingon colony where prisoners mine Dilithium (Star Trek) in the Star Trek universe,
- The Doctor Who serial Frontier in Space features a Moon penal colony in the 26th century; a lunar penal colony of the 2002nd century is also mentioned in the episode "Bad Wolf",
- In several episodes the TV series Stargate SG-1, whole planets are used as penal colonies, generally by the goa'uld, e.g. Hadante in episode 25 (season 2)
- Crematoria (Fictional Planet) is the sun scorched prison planet in The Chronicles of Riddick,
- "Hawksbill Station" by Robert Silverberg is a 1970 novel where political prisoners are sent to the pre-Cambrian period via a one-way time travel machine.
- The Moon in Robert A. Heinlein's novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
- The planet A Planet Named Shayol appears in Cordwainer Smith's stories.
- In episode 1-2 Trust of the Starhunter series, the planet Mercury (planet) is a fully automation prison.
Penal colony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A penal colony is a settlement used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories ...
In the Penal Colony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Penal Colony" (German: "In der Strafkolonie") is a short story in German by Franz Kafka. It is set in an unnamed penal colony. Some commentators have suggested Octave ...
In the Penal Colony, Philip Glass
In the Penal Colony, Philip Glass, directed by Joanne Akalaitas, Dunvagen Music Publishers Inc ... Programme Note Kafka is one of the seminal minds of modernists writing and has ...
Arsenal billionaire, Alisher Usmanov, recalls six years in penal ...
WHEN Alisher Usmanov was sent to an Uzbek penal colony stuffed with 3,500 inmates, including murderers and rapists, he came face to face with two dozen hardened criminals who had ...
P·P·O·W | Dinh Q. Lê
penal colony - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about penal colony
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about penal colony. penal colony. Information about penal colony in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. penal colonies
thepenalcolony.com: thee official penal colony website
04.03.2006. I've got merch again! Buttons! You can buy them at IndustrialPins.com, or you PDXers can buy them locally at Corrosion Records.
Welcome to penal colony YaG 14/10. Now the home of one of Russia's ...
Billionaire gets six years in Siberia Border region. ... Welcome to penal colony YaG 14/10. Now the home of one of Russia's richest men
Australia: Penal colony to nature park - Telegraph
Maria Island boasts an enthralling past and may even be home to the elusive Tasmanian tiger. Nicholas Shakespeare investigates.
penal colony definition of penal colony in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about penal colony. Information about penal colony in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary. penal colonies
